Durante la expansión del nazismo, primero en Alemania y Austria, y luego a través de casi toda Europa, una gran cantidad de intelectuales, artistas plásticos, escritores y directores de cine, entre otros, debieron abandonar sus patrias con destino a algún país neutral o cruzaron el Atlántico camino a EEUU.
Por solo nombrar algunos, figuras de la cultura como Bertold Brecht, Thomas Mann, Hans Sahl, Hannah Arendt, Fritz Lang, Franco Modigliani, Billy Wilder, Walter Gropius y Max Ernst partieron en búsqueda de un nuevo hogar a medida que sus naciones caían bajo el influjo del nacional socialismo.
Entre todas estas historias hay una muy singular, en la que la escritora sueca Selma Lagerlöf, la primer mujer en obtener el premio Nobel de Literatura, salvó a la poetisa alemana Nelly Sachs, futura ganadora del prestigioso galardón, a partir de una relación que se forjó a distancia -ya que jamás se encontraron- a través de cartas, poesía y, por supuesto, valentía.
Una amistad sin fronteras
Para entender la relación que unió a Lagerlöf con Sachs se debe retroceder a 1906. Entonces un adolescente Sachs, con apenas 15 años, se maravillaba luego de terminar La saga de Gösta Berling, publicada en 1891 y primera obra en prosa de la autora sueca, que le sirvió para dejar definitivamente la enseñanza, el único trabajo catedrático al que tenían acceso las mujeres del país nórdico en aquella época.
Sachs le escribió para expresarle su admiración y, para su sorpresa, Lagerlöf le contestó al poco tiempo. Así el vínculo se mantuvo por décadas y, en la actualidad, la correspondencia es una pieza esencial del eterno archivo epistolar que dejó la sueca, compuesto por más de 40.000 cartas que descansan en la Fundación Marbacka.
En 1909, Lagerlöf -traducida a medio centenar de idiomas- obtuvo el máximo galardón literario, pero el camino no había sido sencillo, aunque confianza no le faltaba: «Seré elegida para la Academia sueca y ganaré el Premio Nobel. Eso no debería inquietarte», le escribió en 1903 a la también autora sueca Sophie Elkan. Antes de quedarse con la distinción, su nombre había llegado a las instancias finales del proceso de selección en cinco oportunidades, pero en todos los casos tuvo la oposición de Carl David af Wirsén, quien fue secretario de la Academia sueca durante casi tres décadas.
«En cuanto salía su nombre en las nominaciones, Wirsén proponía otros más apropiados. A él no le gustaba la nueva literatura y que fuese una mujer no ayudaba. Los premios Nobel solo deberían recompensar a hombres, en su opinión», explicó Elizabeth Lagerlöf, sobrina-nieta y secretaria de la Fundación Marbacka al diario español El País.
El poeta, novelista e historiador literario Kjell Espmark, miembro de la Academia Sueca desde 1981, agregó: «Toda la literatura sueca moderna, desde Strindberg a Selma Lagerlöf, fue marginada en tiempos de Wirsén. La obra de Lagerlöf está verdaderamente en clara oposición con la estética que Wirsén ha hecho suya». Es que la literatura de Lagerlöf, como El maravilloso viaje de Nils Holgersson (1906), si bien no era autobiográfica, tomaba cuestiones sociales, reales, para mixturar con la ficción, generando un estilo de realismo fantástico que era innovador en muchos sentidos, pero que causaba rechazo a cierta parte del establishment literario de otrora, en especial a Wirsén, quien solía repetir: «Realidad y ficción se entremezclan a veces en ella de una manera que despoja de objetividad a la narración».
En 1914, logró ingresar en la Academia Sueca y desde su espacio intentó abrir el universo del Nobel a las mujeres, respaldando candidaturas como la de la italiana Grazia Deledda (Nobel Literatura en 1926) o la española Concha Espina, que fue propuesta en 16 ocasiones sin éxito.
En 1921 se produce un «reencuentro» entre ambas, cuando la ópera prima de Sachs, Leyendas y relatos, llega a Alemania con una clara dedicatoria a la autora nórdica, quien expresa su agradecimiento de manera sucinta en una postal: «Mi más sentido agradecimiento por tan hermoso libro. Yo misma no lo hubiese podido escribir mejor».
De cómo Lagerlöf salvó a Sachs
«En el verano de 1939 una amiga alemana vino a Suecia a visitar a Selma Lagerlöf para pedirle que encontrase un refugio para mi madre y para mí (…). En la primavera de 1940, después de meses tortuosos, llegamos a Estocolmo. Ya se había producido la ocupación de Dinamarca y Noruega. La gran novelista ya no estaba». Las palabras pertenecen a Sachs y fueron realizadas el 10 de diciembre de 1966, cuando recibió el premio Nobel en Estocolmo, en conjunto con el autor ucraniano Shmuel Agnon.
Lagerlöf, luego de pedir la intervención de los reyes suecos, logró que Sachs y su madre, de raíces judías, escaparan de Berlín en el último avión que despegó hacia Estocolmo justo a tiempo, ya que una semana después se expidió la orden para deportarlas a un campo de exterminio nazi. Lagerlöf jamás supo si su protegida había logrado salvarse, ya que falleció el 16 de marzo de 1940.
A pesar de haber escapado de las fauces hitlerianas, Sachs sobrevivió en la penuria y, abatida, abandonó la producción literaria. Los tiempos habían cambiado y su estilo romántico, su visión del mundo, había mutado. Cuando un amor de juventud desapareció en un campo de concentración, supo que jamás podría volver a escribir de la misma manera, pero que debía seguir escribiendo. Así, su voz poética se transformó y se convirtió en portavoz de la pena y los anhelos de los judíos. «Plegarias por el novio muerto» fue su primer poema en Suecia, incluido en el libro En las moradas de la muerte. La desgracia y el dolor, muy a su pesar, la terminarían convirtiendo en una autora eterna.
Fuente: Infobae
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