Uno de los elementos primordiales en la definición y diferenciación de un pueblo o nación es su idioma. Aunque en realidad sucede al revés: es el lenguaje quien define muchas veces el carácter aglutinador de un colectivo. Comparemos por ejemplo el español y el hebreo. En nuestra lengua (y, en realidad, en todas las derivadas de la misma base latina, desde Europa a América) utilizamos frecuentemente la palabra nación para definir a un colectivo que constituye un estado, basando la etimología en el lugar de nacimiento. En hebreo esta condición natal se explicita en la palabra moledet (generalmente traducida como patria), mientras que lo relativo a la nacionalidad se expresa con la raíz álef-mem (umá, leóm, Umot Meujadot [Naciones Unidas]), que, en oposición a la raíz latina de patria, es la misma de madre (em, ima).
En cuanto a la palabra estado, que en lenguas romances infiere una situación inamovible (estática) en el gobierno y la organización de una sociedad, en hebreo se utiliza mediná (como en Medinat Israel, el Estado de Israel, aunque para Estados Unidos se utiliza Artzot HaBrit, literalmente, los países de la unión). Este vocablo proviene de din, ley, aunque antiguamente solía aplicarse al lugar de gobierno desde el cual se aplicaba dicha ley, y podía referirse no sólo a un país o reino, sino también a una provincia o ciudad (como en el caso del árabe medina).
Sin embargo, una de las diferencias más significativas entre las lenguas de Cervantes y Bialik está en el origen de la palabra pueblo, que en español deriva del latín populus y define al conjunto de personas de un lugar, región o país. Siendo el hebreo la herramienta idiomática de los judíos, era lógico que recogiera un nexo más allá de la coincidencia geográfica, inexistente en la práctica en los últimos siglos. En hebreo pueblo se dice ‘am (la apóstrofe antes de la a indica la consonante gutural ‘ayin, por diferenciarla de álef), como en la famosa expresión “’am Israel jai” (el pueblo de Israel está vivo). De hecho, si hay una definición común del judaísmo en su propia lengua es “’am Israel”, el pueblo de Israel, utilizado desde mucho antes de la creación del moderno Estado, en realidad desde la bíblica salida de la esclavitud en Egipto liderados por Moisés al frente de las 12 tribus que llevan los nombres de los hijos del profeta Jacob, renombrado Israel.
Lo especial del caso es que exactamente las mismas letras de ‘am (‘ayin-mem) pueden leerse ‘im (la preposición con, en español), lo que nos lleva a su noción de conjunto, cohesión y un largo etcétera de palabras que en español utilizan los prefijos con- o co-. Y el pegamento que une a uno “con” el otro es el mismo nombre del pueblo y la tierra a la que estuvo espiritualmente unido durante milenios de exilio, y hoy estado al que la mayoría ve también como nación y patria: Israel, que en hebreo significa “el que lucha con Dios”. ‘Am Israel, eretz Israel, medinat Israel.
Por Jorge Rozemblum, Director de Radio Sefarad / www.radiosefarad.com – PorIsrael.org
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