El mar Muerto está haciendo honor a su nombre. Desde 1962 su nivel ha descendido 27 metros. Según los científicos, si su agua sigue evaporándose al ritmo actual, este lago, con elevadísimas concentraciones de calcio, magnesio, potasio y bromo y en el que solo viven bacterias, habrá desaparecido en 2050. Desde sus márgenes se ve el efecto devastador de la desecación. Los balnearios construidos hace décadas en la costa israelí languidecen hoy lejos de unas orillas que han ido retrocediendo inexorablemente. Este lunes Israel, Jordania y la Autoridad Palestina, los tres con costas en el lago, han firmado en Washington un acuerdo para construir un conducto que trasvase agua del mar Rojo al mar Muerto. El lago recibirá pues un agua que necesita, pero no queda claro si experimentará un beneficio real a largo plazo, pues una gran cantidad de científicos y organizaciones ecologistas se han opuesto a un proyecto que ven como más político que medioambiental.
Según el nuevo acuerdo se extraerán hasta 200 millones de metros cúbicos del mar Rojo cada año, que se trasvasarán al norte con un entramado de cañerías sitas en Jordania. De ellos, unos 80 millones se desalinizarán en una planta situada en la ciudad costera de Aqaba, que proveerá 30 millones de metros cúbicos de agua potable a Jordania y hasta 50 millones al sur de Israel. El resto, junto a los residuos originados por la desalinización, se verterán al mar Muerto, 180 kilómetros al norte, con la esperanza de combatir su dramática extinción. Israel se compromete, a su vez, a desviar agua dulce del lago Tiberíades, en el norte, a Jordania y a venderle a la Autoridad Palestina hasta 30 millones de metros cúbicos de agua potable por año.
En 2005 las tres partes implicadas en este proyecto le pidieron al Banco Mundial que analizara su impacto. Este certificó su viabilidad en un informe el año pasado, previendo un precio final de 7.200 millones de euros. La primera fase, aprobada ayer, costará hasta 290 millones. Según dijo ayer Silvan Shalom, ministro israelí de Energía y Agua, la firma del acuerdo es “nada menos que histórica”.
“Es un proyecto piloto. En un año se pedirán licitaciones para construir las tuberías que llevarán el agua y la planta de desalinización. Luego, en tres o cuatro años se verá el impacto ambiental, se analizarán los resultados y se verá si se construye un canal de forma definitiva”, explica Dan Catarivas, director de la división de comercio con el extranjero de la patronal industrial israelí. “Es un proyecto positivo, pues avanza paralelo al proceso de negociaciones políticas, y de él se benefician tres partes, que dan así muestra de cooperación sobre el terreno”.
Israel y Jordania firmaron un acuerdo de paz en 1994 y desde entonces sopesaban la construcción conjunta de un conducto que lleve agua del mar Rojo al norte. A instancias de Estados Unidos, israelíes y palestinos reanudaron en julio las negociaciones de paz. Cisjordania se halla bajo ocupación del ejército israelí desde 1967.
Muchos científicos han puesto en duda que quien se vaya a beneficiar de este proyecto sea realmente al lago. “Los estudios preliminares demuestran que al mezclar el agua del mar Rojo y el mar Muerto se producirían depósitos de yeso. La calidad y composición química del agua de ambos cuerpos es diferente. Existe el riesgo de crear una costra de yeso flotante. Supondría matar dos veces al mar Muerto”, asegura Marcelo Sternberg, profesor en el departamento de Biología Molecular y ecología vegetal de la Universidad de Tel Aviv, quien, como muchos otros científicos, cree que la construcción de estas vías de agua obedece “a una necesidad política, y no medioambiental”.
Geológicamente el efecto de inyectarle al mar Muerto unos 100 millones de metros cúbicos por año será nimio, según los expertos. “La evaporación del agua del mar Muerto tiene dos efectos. A gran escala el suelo de la zona se está alzando. A menor escala, se están produciendo numerosos socavones, 500 al año. Estos hundimientos en sus orillas se han ido incrementando de forma notable en los pasados años, con un efecto negativo para el turismo y el desarrollo”, explica Ran Nof, del departamento de Geofísica de la Universidad de Tel Aviv. “Geológicamente, el plan de inyectar agua, como se ha presentado, no va a tener un gran impacto”.
El mar Muerto es el punto más bajo en la superficie terrestre, 422 metros por debajo del nivel del mar. Su única afluencia de agua viene del río Jordan, cuyas aguas interceptan para su consumo tanto Israel como Jordania. La falta de entrada de agua y la extremada aridez del entorno, con solo 50 milímetros de acumulación de lluvia al año, hacen que su orilla retroceda 1,5 metros al año. Cada año sufre la evaporación de 500 millones de metros cúbicos de agua.
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