Hay libros que cambian el mundo. La Biblia, El Príncipe, El origen de las especies, El Capital, La riqueza de las naciones, El significado de la relatividad, etc. son obras que, para bien o para mal, transformaron el destino de la humanidad. Uno de ellos es El Estado judío, de Theodor Herzl.
Y es que fue el fulminante de uno de los movimientos nacionales más importantes y trascendentales del siglo XX: el sionismo. Con estas páginas, Herzl hizo creer a judíos de todo el mundo que les era posible tener un hogar nacional. En 1897, un año después de su publicación, Herzl reunió en Basilea el primer congreso sionista y proclamó su famoso “Si lo queréis, no será una leyenda”.
Como comentamos anteriormente, Herzl creció en Pest (hoy Budapest), en un entorno asimilado y liberal, propio de la Europa de la segunda mitad del siglo XIX. Al principio, sobre la cuestión judía, que no era un gran objeto de interés para él, era proclive a la teoría del asimilacionismo. Pero es en París, trabajando como corresponsal para el diario vienés Neue Freie Presse, cuando –a raíz célebre caso Dreyfus– sus opiniones e inquietudes se dirigen a darle una solución al problema del antisemitismo y a asegurar un futuro para los judíos.
El antisemitismo ha sido en los últimos dos siglos un elemento identitario para los judíos, tal como han afirmado, entre otros, Simon Herman y lord Jonathan Sacks, y Herzl fue un vivo ejemplo de ello. Tal como escribió en su diario, Herzl pensaba que no se podía combatir el antisemitismo y que la solución era huir de él:
Reconocí el vacío y la futilidad de intentar ‘combatir’ el antisemitismo.
De regreso en Viena, Herzl puso negro sobre blanco su solución:
Todo el plan, en esencia, es perfectamente simple: que nos otorguen soberanía sobre una porción del planeta suficientemente grande para satisfacer los requerimientos de una nación; lo demás lo gestionaremos nosotros.
El Estado judío es básicamente una guía para construir un Estado para los judíos. La configuración de sus poderes, el ejército, el clero, los sindicatos, el régimen de propiedad, las relaciones laborales, las leyes comerciales, etc. En su manifiesto, Herzl aborda desde lo que a su parecer son las causas y los efectos del antisemitismo hasta la promoción de la industria.
A la pregunta latente de esos días sobre la localización del Estado judío, si en Argentina (la Patagonia) o Palestina, Herzl adopta una actitud conformista:
Cogeremos lo que nos den y con lo que esté de acuerdo la opinión pública judía.
Como las dos organizaciones vertebrales de la creación del Estado, Herzl diseñó la Sociedad de los Judíos y la Compañía Judía; la primera sería encargada de conseguir el establecimiento del nuevo país, y la segunda de organizarlo. La Sociedad se encargaría de, entre otras cosas, negociar el emplazamiento del Estado judío.
Muy poco se ha seguido del manual que escribió Herzl. Lo que ha hecho a El Estado judío un libro transformador ha sido su idea central:
Ningún ser humano es lo suficientemente rico o poderoso para trasplantar una nación de un sitio a otro. Solamente una idea puede hacerlo, y esta idea puede tener el poder requerido para ello. Los judíos han soñado con este sueño real en las noches más largas de su historia: “El año que viene en Jerusalén” es nuestra frase antigua. Ahora es cuestión de demostrar que el sueño puede convertirse en una realidad viviente.
De las ideas organizativas de El Estado judío, poco se aplicó en la creación de Israel. Por ejemplo, Herzl concibió la bandera del nuevo Estado como una enseña blanca con siete estrellas doradas; una jornada laboral de siete horas, una Constitución, un clero y un ejército respetados pero que no “interfieran en la administración del Estado”, entre otras propuestas que nunca se llevaron a la práctica por los sucesores de Herzl al frente del movimiento sionista.
Herzl, a fin de cuentas, escribió un libro que definiría uno de los capítulos más famosos del siglo XX, el establecimiento del Estado de Israel y el interminable conflicto de Oriente Medio. Pese a que el Estado que diseñó en poco se parezca al Israel de hoy, sí podemos concluir que Herzl escribió El Estado judío con el optimismo de un gran líder y con la convicción de que estaba también escribiendo la Historia. Una determinación impresa en la coronación de su epílogo:
Por lo tanto, creo que surgirá una maravillosa generación de judíos surgirá (…) Los macabeos volverán a levantarse.
Permítanme repetir una vez más mis primeras palabras: los judíos que desean un Estado lo tendrán.
Viviremos por fin como hombres libres en nuestro propio suelo, y moriremos pacíficamente en nuestros propios hogares.
El mundo será liberado por nuestra libertad, enriquecido por nuestra riqueza, magnificado por nuestra grandeza. Y todo lo que intentemos lograr para nuestro propio bienestar repercutirá con fuerza y de forma beneficiosa en el bien de la Humanidad.
Cincuenta y dos años después de la publicación de Der Judenstaat, David ben Gurión leía la declaración de independencia del Estado de Israel ante una gran imagen de Theodor Herzl. El Estado judío había cumplido su propósito. En palabras del mismo Herzl:
El sueño y la acción no son tan diferentes como muchos piensan. Todos los hechos de los hombres son sueños al principio, y se convierten en sueños al final.
Fuente: elmed.io
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