Má nishtaná (qué diferencia el Pésaj el este)

Ma Nishtana- Jorge Rozemblum
Ma Nishtana- Jorge Rozemblum

Entre los hablantes de judeoespañol hay una larga discusión acerca de cómo llamar a su lengua. En Israel, por ejemplo, se la denomina ladino, pero el recientemente desaparecido profesor Haim Vidal Sephiha Z’L luchó durante años contra esta denominación, destacando que el ladino no es sino la lengua-calco utilizada para enseñar hebreo en las comunidades sefardíes. ¿Qué es una lengua-calco? Una que imita el esquema o construcción morfológica de otro idioma de forma literal. Uno de los ejemplos más habituales es el de la Hagadá (el libro con el relato) de Pésaj. En la liturgia del seder (literalmente, orden), destaca el momento en que el benjamín de la casa formula cuatro preguntas, todas ellas comenzadas por el verso hebreo “Má nishtaná haláila hazé mikól haleilót?”, que se traduce al español como ¿En qué se diferencia esta noche de todas las demás? Sin embargo, en la tradición sefardí, se lee una Hagadá “calcada” al judeoespañol que esta comunidad conservó después de la Expulsión de la Península Ibérica a finales del siglo XV. En ladino, las primeras palabras del verso suenan “Qué diferencia la noche la esta”, conservando el número y género de cada una de las palabras traducidas por separado.

En estos tiempos de confinamiento por la pandemia que nos ha tocado vivir, estamos a punto de celebrar un Pésaj muy diferente a todos los que, año tras año y de forma prácticamente idéntica y ritual, hemos acumulado en la memoria, por lo que debemos preguntarnos “Má nishtaná haPésaj hazé”, “qué diferencia el Pésaj el este”. Ya no estaremos sentados toda la familia a la misma mesa (como es preceptivo) y, en la mayoría, no liderará la lectura y ceremonia el patriarca. Esta situación ha movilizado a muchas comunidades judías a organizarse para suplir la presencia real por otra virtual, a través de una conexión telemática. Evidentemente, no es lo mismo. Sin embargo, nos abre una posibilidad hasta ahora no muy extendida: la de compartir el rito también con otros miembros de la familia alejados geográficamente. Claro que no es lo mismo incorporar a un seder en España a la familia de un hermano en Israel (a una hora de diferencia horaria de distancia) que la de otro en Argentina (con una diferencia de cinco horas), pero resulta viable con parientes aislados incluso en la misma ciudad o en otras del mismo país.

Cuando los israelitas salieron de Egipto, según nos relata la Biblia, apenas conservaban lazos de unión entre los distintos clanes o tribus. Por primera vez en siglos, compartieron un destino común que los convirtió en una misma nación, “am Israel”, el pueblo de Israel, descendientes de los mismos Jacob, Isaac y finalmente Abraham. Estamos aprendiendo algo que leímos y repetimos año tras año, pero que esta vez cobra verdadero sentido: se puede ser uno y estar en todas partes. En cualquier caso, es mucho mejor que cuando nos obligaban a morar juntos en juderías, guetos y campos de concentración. Esta pesadilla pasará, tarde o temprano, y volveremos a cultivar la libertad de movimiento y reunión. Y hasta puede que recordemos con nostalgia aquel Pésaj en el que, pese a la separación, nos sentimos más cerca que nunca unos de otros.

Shabat shalom, Pésaj sameaj ve-Refuá shlemá (Sábado en paz, Pésaj alegre y Completa sanación)

Jorge Rozemblum

Director de Radio Sefarad

www.radiosefarad.com

 

 

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