Tel Aviv tiene aspecto californiano. Recostados sobre el boulevard Rotschild, su principal avenida, decenas de lujosos y modernos rascacielos laminados en vidrio coexisten con otros mucho más antiguos, en los que predomina la arquitectura Bauhaus, toda una escenografía pintoresca en la que resaltan las palmeras y la diversidad cultural. Las semejanzas entre el Silicon Valley y Tel Aviv son más amplias. Allí, es habitual, emprendedores, inversionistas, estudiantes y cazadores de oportunidades apuntalan a la denominada “Nación de startups”, un fenómeno que transformó a Israel en una potencia económica basada en la producción de alta tecnología.
Por exportaciones, al país le ingresan anualmente más de US$11.636 millones de dólares, esto sin computar las inversiones y las ventas de empresas, cuyos valores no dejan de sorprender. Se estima que actualmente hay más de 4.500 startups del rubro (con menos de 3 años), la mitad de las cuales están en Tel Aviv. Así, en sólo 20 años Israel pasó de sobrevivir exportando naranjas y cítricos a ser el territorio con mayor concentración de empresas tecnológicas, capitales de riesgo y radicación de centros de investigación y desarrollo de los principales colosos del sector, entre ellos Intel, Microsoft, Apple, IBM, Google, SAP, Cisco y HP.
Aunque resulte odioso, las comparaciones con el Silicon Valley son inevitables. Y también con la Argentina, cuyo foco son las grandes ligas del software. Unos y otros se conectan, en algunos casos de manera curiosa. Se calcula que unos 80.000 argentinos viven en Israel, y algunos logran destacarse en diversos campos, desde lo académico hasta lo empresarial. “El gobierno promueve la industria y para los jóvenes, las carreras de ingeniería y las ciencias duras ofrecen muchas oportunidades de trabajo y un futuro muy próspero”, dijo a iEco Alon Hoffman, un argentino de 56 años que se radicó en Israel en 1972, y que actualmente es el decano de la facultad de Química en Technion, el más prestigioso instituto de tecnología de ese país (ver pág. 9).
Rodeado de vecinos hostiles, en pleno desierto y con 8.904.373 habitantes, muchos de los cuales son inmigrantes, los logros de Israel no dejan de sorprender. Tiene 64 empresas cotizando en el Nasdaq. Sólo China lo supera en cantidad (95), pero se ubica por delante de Canadá (39), Bermuda (15), Suiza (14), Grecia, Hong Kong y Japón (12). Brillar en los paneles bursátiles es un mérito, lo mismo que los altos valores que suelen alcanzar las ventas de empresas israelíes. Meses atrás, Google compró Waze –una aplicación que genera mapas con el volumen de tráfico en tiempo real– en US$966 millones. Intel, IBM, Microsoft, Apple, Qualcomm y Facebook, entre muchos otros, son activos compradores de startups israelíes.
La explosión de la alta tecnología en Israel no entraña ningún misterio. Tiene todos los componentes de manual: un ecosistema complejo que incluye graduados universitarios (ideas y mano de obra calificada), capitales de riesgo, emprendedores, incubadoras y la presencia de los colosos globales. Sobre este último punto, Intel (a punto de cumplir 40 años en ese país) anunció la semana pasada un plan de inversiones por US$6.000 millones para ampliar su planta de producción en Kiryat Gat, en el sur del país, en pleno desierto.
“El ecosistema tecnológico de Tel Aviv nunca descansa”, dicen allí. Tampoco en Jerusalén, Haifa, Nazareth, Ra’anana, Herzliya o cualquier ciudad y pueblo del país. Sin embargo, «armar un ecosistema es algo complejo y con capitales únicamente no es suficiente: hace falta talento, universidades, la presencia de multinacionales y un gobierno que brinde incentivos», explicó Uri Adoni, socio fundador de JPV Media Labs, uno de los 10 mayores fondos de inversión de riesgo del mundo y el mayor de Israel. Y que posee un edificio en Jerusalén, que funciona también como incubadora y criadero de startups.
Adoni conoce Buenos Aires y el sistema de startups de software local. Estuvo en agosto del año pasado y visitó unas 30 nuevas empresas. Al respecto, dice: «Vi mucha pasión, mucho talento, me impresionó realmente el gran nivel técnico y su visión global». Pero dice que la falta de financiamiento es un problema. ¿Un estorbo fatal? «Tampoco funciona el dinero sin talento», justificó.
En Israel, los fondos abundan, pero no vinieron solos. En 1993, el gobierno impulsó el Yozma, un original programa que duplicaba las inversiones privadas en startups, limitando el riesgo. Eso atrajo la atención de los capitales, principalmente estadounidenses, y su resultado está a la vista: las inversiones de riesgo en Israel duplican las existentes en los EE.UU. y 30 veces el monto de toda la Unión Europea. Esa clase de apuestas privadas tan arriesgadas permitieron modelar los grandes colosos norteamericanos del sector (Apple, Intel, Oracle, Google y más recientemente a Facebook, entre otros) cuando recién emergían, la mayoría operando en los garages de sus casas. El Estado israelí, con el Yozma, creó 20 de estos fondos con aportes propios, coparticipando los éxitos y los fracasos.
El argentino Eduardo Shoval es socio de OurCrowd, uno de los 70 fondos de riesgo que operan en Israel. Su currículum impresiona: fue cofundador de 7 startups tecnológicas, 4 de las cuales –Optibase, Accord Video Telecomunicaciones, LaserComm y Accells Technologies– obtuvieron valoraciones en el Nasdaq que superaron los US$400 millones. Shoval dice que el universo emprendedor israelí “es fascinante” y que surgen “oportunidades todo el tiempo”.
Acaso una de esas oportunidades sea FTBPro, una red social que clasifica comentarios de las principales ligas de fútbol del mundo, que nació hace tres años y que reclutó en sus inicios a Brian Goldfarb, un joven ingeniero argentino de 29 años. La empresa cuenta hoy con más de 60 empleados y está ubicada en Neve Tzedek, un barrio antiguo reciclado y con más glamour de Tel Aviv. «Me fui de la Argentina con mi familia. Pasé varios años en España y finalmente vine a Israel. ¿Si me adapté? A veces es difícil, pero ya no vuelvo nunca más», resume.
(Fuente: Clarin.com)
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