Con sus distintos cabezales, la nueva bioimpresora instalada por el Instituto de Tecnología Technion-Israel en la prestigiosa Facultad de Ingeniería Biomédica de la Universidad de Haifa puede crear tejido a partir de hidrogeles, materiales termoplásticos y pomadas.
Esta impresora traduce la información de las tomografías computarizadas del paciente y genera tejido tridimensional que se adapta al área dañada o lesionada.
La profesora Shulamit Levenberg, decana de la facultad y directora del centro de bioimpresión señaló que «hay muchas impresoras sofisticadas en el Technion, pero esta es una impresora biológica que imprime biomateriales y células».
De acuerdo con lo expresado por la profesora Levenberg, la impresión de tejido es el primer paso en el proceso de implantación y reemplazo de tejido dañado en el cuerpo: “la impresión de tejido por sí sola es complicada porque tiene una mezcla de diferentes tipos de células que deben organizarse en la orientación, diferenciación y función correctas, […] la creación de órganos funcionales es una empresa más compleja”.
Para que la impresión de tejidos sea exitosa “es crucial encontrar la tinta biológica correcta”. La tinta biológica impresa se puede polimerizar mediante un cambio de temperatura, luz UV, luz o mezclando diferentes componentes, explicó Lavenberg.
Después de la impresión hay que asegurarse de que las células se organicen y se diferencien en la estructura de tejido correcta. De allí que la bioimpresión es un paso muy importante para la ingeniería de tejidos para trasplantes.
Entre algunos ejemplos de lo que se puede lograr con tejido obtenido por este método está el estudio dirigido por Levenberg en 2017, junto con el Dr. Daniel Offen, jefe del Laboratorio de Neurociencia de la Escuela de Medicina Sackler de la Universidad de Tel Aviv. En este estudio se pudo restaurar con éxito las médulas espinales dañadas de ratas sin movilidad a partir de un constructo de células madre humanas, y lograr la rehabilitación de las ratas paralizadas.
Más recientemente, los científicos de la Universidad de Tel Aviv crearon un corazón de a pequeña escala en un proceso de impresión 3D en el Laboratorio de Ingeniería de Tejidos y Medicina Regenerativa, dirigido por Tal Dvir, profesor asociado del Departamento de Microbiología Molecular y Biotecnología de esta universidad.
El área de investigación en bioimpresión es nueva y ofrece muchas promesas así como alberga algunos desafíos. De acuerdo con el informe presentado por el portal de estadísticas Statista, se espera que el mercado mundial de bioimpresión triplique su tamaño en una década y crezca hasta $4,7 mil millones para 2025.
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