Hay historias fascinantes y no muy conocidas del pueblo judío que parecen extraídas de un libro de cuentos. Pero voy a compartir una historia increíble de un reinado del siglo VII que era el Reinado de Jazaria o Reinado de Khazares o Cuzaris (cualquiera de estos nombres pueden ser encontrados en la historia) y que existió en Asia Central.
Era un reinado cuyo origen era un pueblo turco-mongol. La capital de este reinado era la ciudad de Itil, a orillas del mar Caspio. Tenían un rey cuyo nombre era Bulán. Deseoso de abandonar el paganismo de la época convoca a dignatarios judíos, cristianos y musulmanes. Lo hace para escuchar sus argumentos y tomar una decisión de convertirse él y su pueblo al monoteísmo.
Luego de escuchar los argumentos de estos estudiosos, decidió que su pueblo se convertiría al judaísmo. Por lo tanto, fue un pueblo que decidió ser judío POR ELECCIÓN.
Algunos historiadores refieren que solo el rey y las clases altas decidieron convertirse al judaísmo, y luego lo hizo el resto del pueblo.
Pero mas allá de esto, es importante señalar que estos hechos fueron acreditados entre otras cosas por una carta que fue escrita por Hasdai Ibn Shaprut (médico en la corte del califa de Córdoba cuyo nombre era Ab dar-Rahman III en el siglo X). Quien teniendo noticias de que existía un Imperio Judío cuyo nombre era Reinado de Jazaria le envía una carta al Rey de dicho Imperio.
En esa carta, Hasdai Ibn Shaprut (judío exiliado de Jerusalén), formula preguntas al Rey de Jazaria. Entre otras cosas se interesa por saber ¿cómo transmitían la Torá?. ¿De qué tribu era el rey?. ¿Cómo transmitían el judaísmo de padres a hijos?. ¿Tenía prioridad el shabat sobre otras cosas como por ejemplo la guerra?. ¿Quiénes eran sus enemigos?.
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La curiosidad de Hasdai Ibn Shaprut era enorme. El Rey responde la carta y entre otras cosas le cuenta que luego de escuchar los argumentos de diferentes religiones monoteístas, había decidido entrar bajo el manto de la Shejina (Presencia Divina) y expulsar a los hechiceros e idólatras del Reino.
Luego surgió un Rey de nombre Abdías que construyó sinagogas y seminarios y trajo a muchos sabios de Israel.
También le informa entre otras cosas que ellos se circuncidaban y que eran descendientes de Jafet , uno de los tres hijos de Noé. Además le dice que sus enemigos son los rusos e ismaelitas. La carta la escribe el Rey de Jazaria, cuyo nombre era José Ben Arón, y manifiesta que el nombre de su padre era Arón, o sea un judío Khazaro o Cuzari. Esta carta se conoce en la historia con el nombre de las Cartas de José (por José Ben Arón).
Estas “Cartas de José” fueron seguramente conocidas por el rabino, poeta y filósofo español Yehuda Haleví (1075-1141). Él fue quien escribió el famoso libro “EL KUZARI”.
También es interesante saber que el pueblo cuzari hablaba dialectos de lenguas huno-bulgaras y también turcas.
Pero hay referencias que el idioma sagrado era el hebreo y utilizaban esas letras.
Es importante señalar que en el año 1912 se encuentra en Gheniza (Egipto) un documento llamado Documento de Cambridge (porque se guarda en la Biblioteca de Cambridge) en el que se confirmaban las “Cartas de José”.
El Reino Jazaro se extendió desde el siglo VII al X aproximadamente y fue judío entre 200 y 400 años, hasta que fue derrotado y desapareció, cuando en el año 965 el príncipe ruso Sviátoslav destruye e incendia la ciudad de Itil, capital del Reino de Jazaria.
Es importante señalar que existieron los que se llamaron judíos Radanitas o Radhanitas que fueron judíos mercaderes y que en realidad fueron los precursores del precapitalismo, ya que intermediaban sus productos entre Oriente y Occidente, haciendo intercambios comerciales también entre comunidades cristianas e islámicas.
Hay referencias históricas que indican que prácticamente la totalidad de las especias que entraron a Europa lo hicieron a través de los judíos radanitas. El origen de estos judíos radanitas se remonta según algunas fuentes a la región del valle del Ródano en Francia y por eso también la historia los refiere como judíos franceses. Hay otras opiniones que refieren su origen a la ciudad de Radhan, un lugar en las cercanías de Baghdad. Sea como fuere, es incuestionable que estos judíos Radanitas o Radhanitas fueron los fundadores de la ruta comercial conocida con el nombre de “Ruta de la Seda” ya que tenían intercambios comerciales con el Lejano Oriente y además tenían relaciones comerciales con los Kazaros.
El origen de los judíos Radhanitas se remonta al siglo III antes de la Era Común. Esto no es un hecho menor, ya que los Kazaros tenían gran contacto comercial con los judíos Radanitas o Radhanitas y también dejaron sobre los Kazaros su impronta cultural judía.
Algunas versiones dicen que el nombre Radhanita es una palabra de origen persa que se compone con las palabras “Rah” (camino o sendero) y la palabra ”Dan” (alguien que sabe) o sea alguien que conoce los caminos.
Estos judíos Radanitas también intercambiaban productos en regiones dominadas por el cristianismo y el Islam.
La influencia de los judíos radanitas se vio notablemente disminuida con la caída de la ciudad jazara de Itil (a manos del príncipe ruso Sviátoslav mencionado anteriormente) y sus redes comerciales se trasladaron a Europa Central y se centraron en Polonia, en la ciudad de Przemysl. Desde allí establecieron rutas comerciales con la ciudad de Kiev ya que ésta ciudad era un centro comercial de mucha importancia.
Esta es la historia del Reino de Jazaria, que no siendo judío de origen decidió ser judío por elección. Estos hechos hablan de las huellas culturales y espirituales que el pueblo judío dejó a otros pueblos a través de los tiempos. Estas huellas nos ayudan a entender el efecto que produjeron en la historia del mundo.
“LOS JUDÍOS NO SOMOS UN PUEBLO HISTÓRICO, NI SIQUIERA ARQUEOLÓGICO, SOMOS UN PUEBLO GEOLÓGICO, CON QUIEBRES, DERRUMBES, ESTRATOS Y LAVA ARDIENTE, Y SOBRE TODO CANTAMOS…………….TODAVÍA CANTAMOS”. (Yehuda Amijai).
Por Alberto Ruskolekier. Periodista- Escritor
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