La Unión Europea ha tenido que superar retos descomunales. El crecimiento estancado y los rigores de la austeridad, el elevado desempleo y el temor a la fuga de cerebros, la volatilidad política y las migraciones que no cesan; existen preocupaciones de sobra para mantener constantemente ocupados a los dirigentes de la UE y nacionales. Si bien unos países corren más riesgo que otros, los vínculos entre los 28 estados miembros hacen que ninguno sea totalmente inmune a las ráfagas de viento y las nubes tormentosas.
Y ahora se puede añadir otro problema a la lista. A principios de noviembre, la Agencia de Derechos Fundamentales (FRA en sus siglas en inglés) de la UE hizo público un exhaustivo estudio sobre las experiencias de los judíos en ocho de los 28 países miembros —Bélgica, Francia, Alemania, Hungría, Italia, Letonia, Suecia y el Reino Unido—, que constituyen el 90% de la población judía total de la Unión. En la encuesta participaron casi 6.000 personas.
El trabajo, que confirma las conclusiones de estudios anteriores llevados a cabo por grupos independientes y comunidades judías locales, suscita grave preocupación. Una preocupación que no debería importar solo a los judíos, porque, cuando los judíos de Europa se sienten amenazados, está amenazada toda la UE, por dos motivos.
En primer lugar, se pone en peligro el loable compromiso de la UE de proteger la dignidad humana de cada uno de sus ciudadanos. Y en segundo lugar, la historia del antisemitismo nos muestra que quienes atacan a los judíos suelen tener como último objetivo la propia democracia, incluidos los derechos de las minorías. En otras palabras, aunque la intolerancia empiece con los judíos, no suele terminar con ellos.
He aquí varios hechos preocupantes que revela el informe recién publicado por la FRA:
— Dos tercios de los judíos entrevistados consideran que el antisemitismo es hoy un problema en sus países.
Las actitudes de tolerancia y respeto se construyen sobre todo en
casa y en la infancia
— Tres cuartas partes creen que el problema se ha agravado en los cinco últimos años.
— Un tercio tiene miedo a sufrir una agresión física por ser judío en los próximos 12 meses.
— Más de la mitad asegura que ha presenciado personalmente algún incidente en el que se negó, se trivializó o se exageró el Holocausto.
— El 23% dice que en alguna ocasión ha evitado asistir a actos judíos o visitar lugares judíos por miedo a la inseguridad.
— Y más del 40% de los preguntados en Bélgica, Francia y Hungría indican que han pensado en emigrar debido a la situación.
También es muy inquietante el siguiente resultado, en palabras textuales del estudio: “En los últimos cinco años, una mayoría de las víctimas de acoso antisemita (76%), violencia física o amenazas (64%) y vandalismo contra sus propiedades personales (53%) no denunció el incidente más grave, el que más le afectó personalmente, a la policía ni a ninguna otra organización”.
Si la mayoría de las víctimas de incidentes antisemitas ni se molestan en denunciarlos a las autoridades, eso quiere decir que no confían en el sistema, temen las represalias de los autores, no saben dónde acudir a pedir ayuda o se han resignado a aceptar la intolerancia como parte del “precio” de ser judíos.
Sea cual sea la explicación, es inaceptable. De ahora en adelante, los gobiernos de la UE deben esforzarse para garantizar no solo un drástico descenso del número de incidentes antisemitas, sino también que los que se produzcan se denuncien ante las autoridades correspondientes. Los ciudadanos de una sociedad democrática no deberían sentirse jamás impotentes ni abandonados.
Y tiene que dar igual que el acto antisemita venga de la extrema derecha, la extrema izquierda, el islamismo radical u otros grupos. Atacar a una persona por su identidad de grupo —en este caso, la identidad judía— es un delito con posible agravante de xenofobia, y debe tratarse como tal.
El Comité Judío Americano se dedica desde hace muchos años a elaborar estrategias para responder ante las agresiones fanáticas, ya sean contra judíos, cristianos, musulmanes, homosexuales, africanos y otros, y hay varias cosas claras.
— Primero, que las actitudes de tolerancia e intolerancia, respeto y falta de respeto, se construyen sobre todo en casa y en la infancia.
— Segundo, que el liderazgo político es importante. O los gobiernos actúan simbólica y sustancialmente contra la intolerancia, o demasiadas veces acaban consintiéndola o racionalizándola. La neutralidad es inadmisible.
— Tercero, la educación, si se utiliza como es debido, puede contribuir a enseñar el respeto y el aprecio a las diferencias. Si no se hace, será una oportunidad desperdiciada.
— Cuarto, los líderes religiosos pueden escoger entre fomentar el diálogo y la amistad interconfesional o el oscurantismo y el triunfalismo religioso. ¿Qué prefieren?
— Y por último, la policía y los jueces deben comprender el carácter específico de los delitos de odio, reunir los datos necesarios y tratar los casos con la seriedad que merecen.
El informe de la FRA es una señal de alarma para la UE. Europa no puede seguir dormida ni ignorarla. DIARIO EL PAÍS, ESPAÑA.
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