Un deslumbrante descubrimiento israelí podría conducir a nuevos tipos de antibióticos. La Staphylococcus Aureus es una bacteria altamente patógena y es una de las cinco causas más comunes de infecciones adquiridas en los hospitales.
Sólo en los EE.UU., aproximadamente 500.000 pacientes contraen una infección por estafilococos en los hospitales. Es la bacteria responsable de MRSA, para los que no existe una vacuna.
Pero todo eso podría cambiar, gracias a estudios sin precedentes publicado en la revista Science por un equipo Technion dirigido por la Profesora Meytal Landau de la Facultad de Biología.
Los investigadores descubrieron, por primera vez, las fibrillas únicas del amiloide a través de las cuales las estas bacterias altamente resistentes a las drogas, atacan las células humanas y el sistema inmunológico.
La investigación podría avanzar en el descubrimiento de antibióticos con un nuevo mecanismo de acción que atacará toxinas bacterianas clave.
Los investigadores descubrieron una ‘munición’ que ayuda a la bacteria infecciosa: una nueva forma de fibrillas de amiloide, cuya estructura tridimensional se determinó a resolución atómica, revelando la primera estructura de su tipo, de esta fibrilla tóxica.
Los amiloides, que son proteínas notoriamente conocidas por su asociación con enfermedades neurodegenerativas como el Alzheimer y el Parkinson, forman una red de fibrillas de proteína – algo similar a una tela de araña – que se caracteriza por una estructura ordenada y extremadamente estable.
Esta estabilidad permite a las proteínas soportar condiciones extremas en las que las proteínas normales no sobreviven.
Uno de los ejemplos más conocidos de esto es la enfermedad de la “vaca loca”, que estalló en Inglaterra en 1986.
Según la profesora Landau, “Esta enfermedad sorprendió a la comunidad científica debido a que su causa no era un virus, ni una bacteria, sino una proteína llamada prión, que posee una estructura amiloide similar.
A continuación, se hizo evidente que una proteína puede ser transmisora, y debido a su estabilidad, infecta seres humanos que consumen la carne contaminada.
Es decir, la proteína no se rompió en las etapas de elaboración de la carne, como ser al cocinar o en la digestión”.
El prión “vaca loca”, al igual que todos los amiloides descubiertos hasta ahora, pertenecen a un grupo que posee lo que se denomina una estructura cruzada SS. En el presente estudio, se descubrió un amiloide de una estructura completamente nueva, que fue nombrado cruz-?.
“En algún momento nos dimos cuenta que habíamos encontrado algo único, pero sólo después de varios viajes a los aceleradores de partículas cíclicos (sincrotrones) en Grenoble y Chicago pudimos verificar que se trataba de un nuevo tipo de amiloides”, dijo Landau.
“Mucho trabajo fue necesario antes de poder publicar nuestros hallazgos, pero desde el primer momento, estaba claro para nosotros que lo que teníamos era un cambio de paradigma”.
Se estima que el nuevo descubrimiento conducirá al desarrollo de antibióticos con un nuevo mecanismo de acción.
Tales fármacos que inhiben la formación de amiloide neutralizando de ese modo una de las “armas” mas importantes en el arsenal de esta bacteria patógena.
En su opinión, ya que este antibiótico no está dirigido a matar la bacteria, sino sólo reducir su toxicidad a los seres humanos, no va a conducir a un rápido desarrollo de resistencia bacteriana en ella.
“La resistencia a los antibióticos en las bacterias se desarrolla debido a la presión evolutiva, la selección natural conduce al crecimiento de bacterias que los antibióticos no pueden matar”, dijo.
“Si reducimos la presión sobre la bacteria y no la matamos, sino más bien impedimos sus aspectos patogénos, la resistencia es probable que no se apresure en desarrollarse”.
Al mirar hacia el futuro, Landau aclara que “en el mundo académico en sí, es difícil llevar a cabo un proceso completo de desarrollo de fármacos, debido al costo prohibitivo que implica.
Sin embargo, podemos proporcionar a los fabricantes de medicamentos con el conocimiento científico para acelerar y reducir los costos del proceso.
El descubrimiento actual es un escalón en ese sentido. Ahora nuestro reto es encontrar una sustancia que impida la fibrilla cruz-?, y por tanto desarmar la bacteria”.
“Desde el punto de vista científico, hay una lección importante aquí, pensar fuera de la caja abre nuevas puertas”.
“En este caso específico, se amplía el repertorio de amiloides. Descifrar nuevas estructuras de amiloides podría conducir a nuevos conocimientos sobre los mecanismos de las enfermedades neurodegenerativas.
También podría conducir al descubrimiento de los amiloides “buenos” que intervienen en la protección natural del organismo contra las infecciones.
Este tipo de investigación podría conducir al desarrollo de nuevos medios de protección contra las toxinas que se encuentran en las bacterias y los hongos”.
Fuente: LatamIsrael
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