La lengua hebrea se articula de manera muy distinta a la nuestra y otras de origen romance. Generalmente las palabras derivan de una raíz de tres letras (aunque hay casos de dos o de cuatro): por ejemplo, con las letras samej – fei – reish se construyen, entre otras, sefer (libro), sofer (escritor), lesaper (contar: la f se transforma en p), sipur (cuento), sfirá (cuenta de años), mispar (número) e incluso, a veces, deriva otros significados, por ejemplo sapar (peluquero) y masperá (peluquería). Esta lógica ha permitido el milagro del “renacimiento” de esta lengua de uso casi estrictamente ritual durante milenios y su adaptación a los tiempos modernos, por ejemplo, con misparáim (tijeras).
Pero, aparte de esta fuente, el hebreo abunda en la utilización de palabras creadas en torno a siglas. El nombre de Rambam (Maimónides en latín) agrupa las iniciales de Rabi Moshé Ben Maimón. Las siglas no sólo se usan para algunos nombres. Ya en la Edad Media se conocían a los “shadarím” o emisarios, cuyo nombre se formaba (aunque utilizando el arameo, primo hermano coloquial del hebreo) para resumir el título de “sheliaj da rabanán” (enviado del rabino). Siglos después, la raíz formada por esas tres letras, shin – dalet – reish, equivale a emisión, y se utiliza, entre otros, en relación al mundo de los medios de comunicación masiva.
Otra característica extraña del hebreo es que cualquier combinación aleatoria de letras se puede pronunciar, siendo todas ellas consonantes (aunque algunas no lo parezcan) que se unen mediante vocales auxiliares tácitas. Uno de los mejores ejemplos es el propio alefato (el abecedario o, como lo hemos bautizado en una columna precedente, el “abeguedario”), que se puede pronunciar sin leer individualmente cada letra como lo hacemos en español: a, be, ce, de, etc. Incluso podemos sonsacar de ese orden una frase mnemotécnica. Lo gracioso del caso es que, para los hispanoparlantes la combinación de significados en los dos idiomas resulta ingeniosa (las mayúsculas indican las letras hebreas, las minúsculas, las vocales tácitas utilizadas): -ABeGueDeH VeZaJTY KaLMeNS’E PiTZaQaReSHeTH. Si recordamos que el prefijo “Ve-“ es la conjunción copulativa (equivalente a “y”), tenemos una especie de mensaje oculto: Abeguedeh y Zajty, cálmense, la pizza está hecha un tablón.
No es el único milagro de “falsos amigos” (palabras o expresiones que suenan igual o parecidas, pero no significan lo mismo) entre ambos idiomas. Un argentino fue reclutado en Israel sin conocer apenas el idioma y, en su primera práctica de tiro, el instructor le gritaba “¡tirá!” (¡dispara!, en “argentino”). Sorprendido y aliviado, el sudamericano le contestaba en español, suponiendo que aquel le entendía, pero no era así: el imperativo del verbo disparar en hebreo (lirot) es “tirá”. De modo que cálmense porque ya saben alguna palabra en hebreo, aunque la pizza esté hecha un tablón.
Jorge Rozemblum
Director de Radio Sefarad
www.radiosefarad.com
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